Let us know more about the continent. Australia. The ice often has a bluish hue and the coastal waters are deep blue. By the start of the Devonian period (416Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest desert, the Sahara, occupying the 25% of the total area of . ; Africa comprises 54 countries. Although Antarctica is not officially a country, it can be considered more of a condominium shared between several countries. Strangely enough, the largest land animal in Antarctica is the flightless antarctic midge ( Belgica antarctica ), which is less than 1.3cm in length, crazy right!? Since then, the coverage of Antarctic sea ice has decreased rapidly. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes. [159], The first confirmed landing on the continental mass of Antarctica occurred in 1895 when the Norwegian-Swedish whaling ship Antarctic reached Cape Adare. Some of the world's most beautiful and amazing airports are here. [103] Models suggest that ozone depletion and the enhanced polar vortex effect may also account for the period of increasing sea ice extent, lasting from when observation started in the late 1970s until 2014. The Highest point is Vinson Massif, which measures at 4,897 m. There is no native population in Antarctica, only visitors during the summer and scientists. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) - Addis Ababa Gabon - Libreville The Gambia - Banjul Ghana - Accra Guinea - Conakry Guinea-Bissau - Bissau Kenya - Nairobi Lesotho - Maseru Liberia - Monrovia Libya - Tripoli Madagascar - Antananarivo Malawi - Lilongwe Mali - Bamako Mauritania - Nouakchott Mauritius - Port Louis Morocco (Al Maghrib) - Rabat Mozambique - Maputo [65] The Prince Charles Mountains contain deposits of iron ore.[66] There are oil and natural gas fields in the Ross Sea. The claims by Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, and Norway do not overlap and are recognised by each other. [24] Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano and erupts around 10 times each day. [68] A lower air temperature of 94.7C (138.5F) was recorded in 2010 by satellitehowever, it may have been influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2m (7ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records. There are no countries in Antarctica. The largest countries by area are Canada with 9,984,670 km, the United States with 9,833,517 km, followed by Brazil with 8,515,770 km and Argentina with 2,780,400 km. This is exactly where the Antarctic Treaty System came into play, and it has served the purpose admirably. 667. [36] Tetrapods first appeared in Antarctica during the early Triassic, with the earliest known fossils found in the Fremouw Formation of the Transantarctic Mountains. Send a message They are: New Zealand Australia France Norway UK Chile Argentina So what interest do they have taking a piece of this remote continent? [91] As of 2022[update], the two most rapidly thinning ice shelves are those in front of the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers. The Antarctic Treaty. Sort countries of Antarctica and capitals of Antarctica countries by their respective column. This has led to speculation that life on Mars might have been similar to Antarctic fungi, such as Cryomyces antarcticus and Cryomyces minteri. Coldest Countries Today. The United States played a major role in negotiating this Treaty, which was signed in Washington, and [] It is essential for understanding history, culture, trade, and international relations. [172] The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer. There are no countries in Antarctica, although seven nations claim different parts of it: New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, the United Kingdom, Chile, and Argentina. If youre looking for a weekend getaway in the desert, you cant go wrong with the jewel of Arizona. The interior is dryer and receives less than 50mm (2in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200mm (8in). Also, even though the military is prohibited from operating on the continent unless theyre helping the scientific staff, Chile and Argentina are maintaining a constant military presence. [178], In 1539, the King of Spain, Charles V, created the Governorate of Terra Australis, which encompassed lands south of the Strait of Magellan and thus theoretically Antarctica,[179] granting this Govenorate to Pedro Sancho de la Hoz,[180][181] who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. [48][49] Marsupials are thought to have dispersed into Australia via Antarctica by the early Eocene. The Adelie Land meteorite, discovered in 1912, was the first to be found. Glaciologists study the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". 13. [135], In analogy to the 1980 treaty on sustainable fishing, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. 1. ", "Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth", "Late Paleozoic Ice Age glaciers shaped East Antarctica landscape", "Migration of Triassic tetrapods to Antarctica", "Evolution of the Pacific margin of the northern Antarctic Peninsula: An overview", "Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica", "Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica", "The fossil record of Antarctic land mammals: Commented review and hypotheses for future research", "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)", "The spatial and temporal evolution of strain during the separation of Australia and Antarctica", "IceAtmosphere Feedbacks Dominate the Response of the Climate System to Drake Passage Closure", "Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO, "Regional geology mapping using satellite-based remote sensing approach in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica", "Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula", "Uplift and tilting of the Shackleton Range in East Antarctica driven by glacial erosion and normal faulting", "Cenozoic geodynamics of the Ross Sea region, Antarctica: Crustal extension, intraplate strikeslip faulting, and tectonic inheritance", "Soviet Team Finds a 'Mountain of Iron' in Antarctica", "The Undiscovered Oil and Gas of Antarctica", "Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica", "Antarctica records unofficial coldest temperature ever", "Mapping blue-ice areas in Antarctica using ETM+ and MODIS data", "Snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica", "Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades", "Antarctica logs highest temperature on record of 18.3C", "Attribution of polar warming to human influence", "Understanding climate: Antarctic sea ice extent", "Accelerated ice discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula following the collapse of Larsen B ice shelf", "Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, "Basal Melting, Roughness and Structural Integrity of Ice Shelves", "Ice-sheet losses track high-end sea-level rise projections", "Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 19792017", "History, mass loss, structure, and dynamic behavior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet", "Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017", "Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere, and Sea Level Change", "Constraining the mass balance of East Antarctica", "The uncertain future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet", "Chapter 9: Ocean, cryosphere, and sea level change", "Large, Deep Antarctic Ozone Hole Persisting into November", "Q10: Why has an "ozone hole" appeared over Antarctica when ozone-depleting substances are present throughout the stratosphere? Below are the 54 countries in Africa in alphabetical order: Countries of Africa: Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde/ Cape Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo/ Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt (transcontinental - generally considered African) Equatorial Guinea With an area of 42.55 million km (16,428,000 sq mi), the Americas cover 8.3 percent of Earth's surface area and 28.5 percent of its total land area. It boarders the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east and the British Antarctic Territory to the west. 58: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2018", "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Antarctic sea-ice expansion and Southern Ocean cooling linked to tropical variability", "Antarctic Bestiary Terrestrial Animals", "The different breeding strategies of penguins: a review", Comptes rendus de l'Acadmie des Sciences, "Long term movements and activity patterns of an Antarctic marine apex predator: The leopard seal", "Non-lichenized fungi from the Antarctic region", "Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert", "Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica", "The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains", "Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say", "Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok: first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants", "The Search for Earth-Like Habitable Planet: Antarctica Lake Vostok May be Jupiter's Europa", "Source Environments of the Microbiome in Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica", "Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Microbial Extremophiles in Polar Environments", "A snapshot of biodiversity protection in Antarctica", "Protocol on Environmental Protection To The Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol)", "Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable: Expanding Antarctica's protected areas", "The bones that could shape Antarctica's fate", "The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world", "Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts", "Dates in American Naval History: October", "Brge Ousland: How I crossed Antarctica alone", "Fastest unsupported (kite assisted) journey to the South Pole taking just 34 days", "Flock of Antarctica's Orthodox temple celebrates Holy Trinity Day", Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, "Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System: is it time for a reform? The land is almost completely covered in layers of ice and snow. This expedition allows you to hike, snowshoe, kayak, go mountaineering, and even camp out under the Southern Polar skies. New Zealand Chile Argentina Norway The United Kingdom France Which countries of the world have research stations in Antarctica? The Antarctica Treaty of 1959 was signed by twelve countries: the United Kingdom was the first to sign the treat followed by Argentine, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United States of America and The Soviet Union/ Russia. Let's Add All That Up. 200. Being so important for the stability and cooperation of countries of Antarctica, the treaty deserves a special mention here: No acts or activities taking place while the present treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica. Antarctica. [21] There are numerous islands surrounding Antarctica, most of which are volcanic and very young by geological standards. Meteorites contain clues about the composition of the Solar System and its early development. Over the past 50 years, ice cores have Expressed more about climate change and climate hotspots than any other scientific technique. The landmass is nearly 5.5 million square miles and is the 5th largest continent globally. Many countries are in Antarctica to stay, but that can be done without claiming any territory whatsoever. The northernmost part of the world, Antarctica offers a once-in-a-lifetime trip to frozen landscapes, a sight not visible anywhere else in the world. If you are in need of U.S. consular services while in Antarctica, contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country next on your itinerary or nearest to you for assistance. [119], About 1,150 species of fungi have been recorded in the Antarctic region, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of Antarctica, where snowfalls of up to 1.22m (48in) in 48 hours have been recorded. The decades that followed saw further exploration in French, American, and British expeditions. [1] However meltwater from the continent's ice features produce a number of rivers and streams. ", "World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring ProjectReport No. Where vegetation occurs, it is mostly in the form of lichen or moss. 450-1100)-language text, Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022, Geographical articles missing image alternative text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 04438E to 13611E, and 14202E to 16000E, 8000W to 7400W claimed by Chile (1940), 7400W to 5300W claimed by Chile (1940) and Argentina (1943), 5300W to 2500W claimed by Argentina (1943), 8000W to 7400W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908), 7400W to 5300W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Argentina (1943), 7400W to 5300W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Chile (1940), 5300W to 2500W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908), This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 23:26. The treaty went into effect in 1961 and had been signed by 54 nations as of 2021. [169] Ousland holds the record for the fastest unsupported journey to the South Pole, taking 34 days. This is a sub-region in Antarctica that lies between the Bellingshausen Sea and the Ronne Ice Shelf. Some of them are taking steps adverse to peace on the southernmost continent of the world, continuously claiming sovereignty in the most underhanded of ways. Nearly all of Antarctica's surface is covered by ice to an average depth of 1.9km (1.2mi; 6,200ft). Whether youre starting your day off with delicious vegan OK, youve been saving up your cash and now youre ready to go to Asia to chill, eat some killer food, relax, and maybe Europes Best Airline 2011-2016 and 18th best airline in the world in 2018 according to Skytrax rating, Turkish Airlines still raises the question of 6 Under-the-Radar Caribbean Islands to Visit, Happiness, Mapped: 5 Places in The United States That Make This Scandinavian Smile, 4 Spooky Spots to Visit This Halloween in the US, Things I Noticed Have Changed in Norway Since Last Time I Visited, 8 Things to Do in Georgetown, South Carolina, 4 Things I Saw at a Country Flea Market in America Last Week, How to Find Extremely Cheap Last Minute Flights. Antarctica's climate is extremely cold and dry, making it difficult to inhabit and colonize. Countries can participate in decision-making if they can demonstrate that they do significant research on Antarctica; as of 2022[update], 29 countries have this 'consultative status'. It covers 50millionkm2 (19millionsqmi) and completely surrounds the Antarctic continent. The surveys of invertebrates in the region have shown the presence of springtails, tardigrades, and nematodes. [87], In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Fauna from the La Meseta Formation in the Antarctic Peninsula, dating to the Eocene, is very similar to equivalent South American faunas; with marsupials, xenarthrans, litoptern, and astrapotherian ungulates, as well as gondwanatheres and meridiolestidans. They searched for a more poetic replacement, suggesting names such as Ultima and Antipodea. They were the neighboring countries of Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, and a few countries under Antarctica continent (or above depending on how you look) Norway, the United Kingdom, and France. Antarctica, including all territorial claims by sovereign states, is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60S. Cruise date: 3 Jan - 14 Jan, 2023. Below is a list of countries and areas of the world in alphabetical order, with official names and alternative designations. This total comprises 193 countries that are members of the UN and 2 countries that are non-members observer states which include the Holy See and Palestine. [205] Biomedical scientists have made discoveries concerning the spreading of viruses and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures. [7], During the early 19th century, explorer Matthew Flinders doubted the existence of a detached continent south of Australia (then called New Holland) and thus advocated for the "Terra Australis" name to be used for Australia instead. [199] The primary response by Antarctic Treaty parties has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctica was never colonized due to the harsh climate and conditions, so the land remained open and relatively free from territorial disputes. Opened for signature in 1959, it was initially given a blessing by twelve countries that participated in the International Geophysical Year, or IGY for short. Subregion Currency; Australia: 25,088,636: 7.692 million km: $63,052: Canberra The region covers 2,000 square kilometers and consists of ice-free land along the coastal areas. [187], The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. Both ice shelves act to stabilise the glaciers that feed into them. [77], There is some evidence that surface warming in Antarctica is due to human greenhouse gas emissions,[78] but it is difficult to determine due to internal variability. A possible explanation is that thermohaline circulation transports warmed water to deeper layers in the Southern Ocean so that the surface remains relatively cool. [164] In 1937, Ingrid Christensen became the first woman to step onto the Antarctic mainland. [112] The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}6mm (14in) in size. Countries and their Capitals: Out of the 7 continents, Antarctica is situated at the South Pole and is . At 131 feet (40 meters) below sea level, the Valds Peninsula, located in . [108], The ozone depletion can cause a cooling of around 6C (11F) in the stratosphere. The ice then moves into the ocean, often forming vast floating ice shelves. Antarctica research stations, as mentioned above, are either permanent or seasonal. Chile. NA. As you can probably tell, its located on We dont all have the luxury of an unlimited cash supply. The ice shelves of Antarctica were probably first seen in 1820, during a Russian expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev. Antarctica is a continent located at the furthest southern reaches of the globe. [35] Synapsids (also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as Lystrosaurus, and were common during the Early Triassic. Still, seven countries have territorial claims Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom but those claims are largely ignored. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion from Britain. 2. [210] Most meteorites come from asteroids, but a few meteorites found in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars. Under the treaty, mining, military use, dumping, and nuclear testing are all banned. By 1959, 12 countries came together to create the 1959 Antarctica Treaty: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the U.S.S.R. (Russia), the United Kingdom, and the United States. [88] In early 2008, about 570km2 (220sqmi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000km2 (5,800sqmi) of the ice shelf at risk. COUNTRY: BASE NAME (Bold type . If average temperatures were to begin to fall, the ice would not immediately be restored. [171][note 7], The continent of Antarctica has never had a permanent resident population, although staffed research stations are continuously maintained. [100] A tipping point for the West Antarctic ice sheet is estimated to be between 1.5 and 2.0C (2.7 and 3.6F) of global warming. [60] It is built on a craton of rock, which is the basis of the Precambrian Shield. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. [96] A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatonnes (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but accelerated to an average of 220Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. After this greedy division of the Antarctic region came some better days. Specially protected areas cover less than 2% of the area and provide better protection for animals with popular appeal than for less visible animals. Yes, Antarctica is a continent. The United Kingdom offers visitors to stamp their passports as if they were entering a sovereign country. [96][95], Most of the ice loss has taken place on the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica. The Antarctica borders are surrounded by the Southern Ocean. There is also little information on the region's flora and fauna. [126], Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine phytoplankton. The 10 Best Romantic Getaways in Tennessee Mountains, What is the Best Time to Visit Shillong and Cherrapunji, Nicaragua in October: Weather, Places to Visit & Things to Do, The Top 9 Budget Hacks for Long-Term Travelers, 7 Things That You Should Do When You Are in Tucson, Best Places to Visit in Europe when you are on a Budget. 11. [117], There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of petrels, penguins, cormorants, and gulls. Read more: Summer Season in the South Pole. [175] Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south and the first to be born on the Antarctic mainland. [14], Antarctica is divided into West Antarctica and East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, which stretch from Victoria Land to the Ross Sea. Kopeck. Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, and Antarctica are the continents. The treaty was signed on the 1st of December 1959, states: Along the coast in the winter, temperatures range from -22F to 14F (-30C to -10C) and hover around 32F (0C) during summers. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Antarctica contains all four of Earth's South Poles: the Geographic South Pole, the Geomagnetic South Pole, the Magnetic South Pole, and the South Pole of Rotation. There are currently (as at May, 2020) 31 countries operating in Antarctica and running 73 bases (36 summer seasonal and 37 permanent year-round). Meltwater from the continent 's ice features produce a number of rivers and streams at the South Pole and hotspots! And conditions, so the land is almost completely covered in layers of ice and snow the luxury of unlimited. - 14 Jan, 2023 native species of algae in Antarctica include mites, nematodes, penguins blue... In alphabetical order, with an increasing proportion from Britain [ 169 ] Ousland holds the record for the unsupported! All of Antarctica and capitals of Antarctica 's surface is covered by to! As `` the Antarctic treaty System came into play, and nuclear testing are banned... 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