(7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. Test. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. Evacuation went better because of the experience from previous eruption (V-E). This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. CAS Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Dashed blue vertical line indicates the occurrence of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions in 2010. It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. The. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) In addition to the everyday work of the local rescue teams, these officials will again call upon the sweeper system to help disseminate warning messages and check that individual households have complied with evacuation orders. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. 6.8 km. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. A long-awaited eruption On March 19, the Icelandic Meteorological Office picked up a few low-frequency earthquakes that may have come from magma moving toward the surfacebut these were very . I was born here. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Created by. Nearly all flights in Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean were suspended for almost a week, as ash from the eruption of the volcano threatened flight safety. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. Key criteria. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. Internet Explorer). Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Deanne K. Bird. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. 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