The center When Algeria was under French administration, the official division names were in French. Appeals may be made to the ministry, with no independent or judicial review provided for in the decree. The Ministry of Interior reported in March to a Senate session that approximately 500 illegal migrants try to enter the country daily along the countrys southern borders. provinces were predominantly formed by taking the old departments as they were, or by splitting them into two The government said that it closed 11 facilities and opened one new facility to improve prison conditions in the last year but argued that they have alleviated overcrowding by increasing the use of minimum-security centers that permit prisoners to work and by using electronic monitoring. The majority of the ministrys programs for children with disabilities remained in social centers for children with disabilities rather than in formal educational institutions. FIS membership is illegal. In January 2018 the government imposed an indefinite suspension on the importation of roughly 850 products, subject to periodic review. NGOs reported that the government did not enforce payment of fines for failing to abide by the law. Since the outbreak of violence in northern Mali in 2012, international observers reported an influx of individuals into Algeria across the Malian border inconsistent with traditional migratory movements. The government used specific facilities for prisoners age 27 and younger. According to UNHCR, the government did not accept UNHCR-determined refugee status for individuals. The southern border has been clearly defined, but the southern Algiers, the capital and most populous city is located in the far north of the country. Women may own businesses, enter into contracts, and pursue careers similar to those of men. Citing the threat of terrorism, the government also prevented overland tourist travel between the southern cities of Tamanrasset, Djanet, and Illizi. )119.354 (2019 est. Family connections and status of the parties involved influenced decisions. Protests broke out across the country in late February 2019 against President BOUTEFLIKAs decision to seek a fifth term. For the first two thirds of the 20th century, Algeria's high fertility rate caused its population to grow rapidly. These organizations reported that migrant parents were often reluctant to enroll their children in Algerian schools due to language barriers or cultural differences. The judiciary was not impartial and was perceived by some observers to be subject to influence and corruption. Exploiters of child labor used methods allegedly learned via the internet to increase their mistreatment of children. Censorship or Content Restrictions: Some major news outlets faced direct and indirect retaliation for criticism of the government. The law prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities, although the government did not always effectively enforce these provisions. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. ), lowest 10%: 2.8%highest 10%: 26.8% (1995), revenues: 54.15 billion (2017 est. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. A bloody eight-year struggle culminated in Algerian independence in 1962. Press and Media Freedom: The National Agency for Publishing and Advertising (ANEP) controls public advertising for print media. Security forces conducted unannounced home visits. The borders, except near the Mediterranean coast, Authorities normally awarded custody of children to the mother, but she may not make decisions about education or take the children out of the country without the fathers authorization. FraudLabsPro.com 70-3-30A D'Piazza Mall, Jalan Mahsuri, 11950 Bayan Baru, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia See more Algiers Algiers ( al-Jazer, , Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. Libel/Slander Laws: NGOs and observers criticized the law on defamation as vaguely drafted and said the definitions in the law failed to comport with internationally recognized norms. The resulting division was as shown below. According to the law, police must obtain a summons from the prosecutors office to require a suspect to appear in a police station for preliminary questioning. Women suffered from discrimination in inheritance claims and were entitled to a smaller portion of an estate than male children or a deceased husbands brothers. [4] The American Oxford Atlas. The law protects union members from discrimination or dismissal based on their union activities. Later marriages and a preference for smaller families are attributed to increases in women's education and participation in the labor market; higher unemployment; and a shortage of housing forcing multiple generations to live together. The judiciary was not always independent or impartial in civil matters and lacked independence in some human rights cases. One of the smaller areas of land can be called a state or a province. ), urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Status of Women provided some financial support to health-care-oriented NGOs, but for many NGOs, such financial support represented a small fraction of their budgets. Other Algerians headed to Europe seeking asylum, although France imposed restrictions. Paris: ditions Fernand Lanore, 1984. 1957-05-20: Thirty-four new arrondissements were created. Unlicensed NGOs remained active, but rarely received government assistance, and citizens at times hesitated to associate with these organizations. Opposition parties from across the political spectrum criticized the new law for creating a more complex process for qualifying for the ballot, as well as for establishing an electoral monitoring body whose members would be appointed by the president and parliament, which is controlled by a coalition headed by the presidents party. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women's rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. by | May 25, 2022 | camden county ga school schedule | cindy deangelis grossman pictures | May 25, 2022 | In-country Movement: The constitution provides citizens the right to freely choose their place of residence and to move throughout the national territory. The government requires that foreign diplomats and private sector personnel have armed security escorts from the government should members of these groups travel outside of Algiers wilaya (province), El-Oued, and Illizi, near hydrocarbon industry installations and the Libyan border, respectively. )$11,600 (2019 est. The constitution provides for the right to a fair trial, but authorities did not always respect legal provisions that protect defendants rights. Other refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants had access to free public hospitals, but independent NGOs reported instances of migrants turned away. These shelters assisted with approximately 220 cases of violence against women during the year. Financial Disclosure: The law stipulates that all elected government officials and those appointed by presidential decree must declare their assets the month they commence their jobs, if there is substantial change in their wealth while they are in office, and at the end of their term. There were several strikes launched in reaction to the governments refusal to extend official recognition to fledgling new unions and its practice of engaging only with the UGTA. NGOs reported instances of not receiving the written authorization in time to hold planned meetings. This table shows the resulting subdivision of Algeria. Since 2014, Algerias reliance on hydrocarbon revenues to fund the government and finance the large subsidies for the population has fallen under stress because of declining oil prices. Since 2015, the government has imposed additional restrictions on access to foreign exchange for imports, and import quotas for specific products, such as cars. For a second year, the government blocked access to social media sites, including Facebook and Twitter, for several days during nationwide high school exams. alterations - were consolidated into a unit called Territoires du Sud. It was under the latter that the Barbary pirates operated from North Africa and preyed on shipping beginning in roughly 1500, peaking in the early to mid-17th century, until finally subdued by the French capture of Algiers in 1830. Oct. 13: Algerian troops killed two Islamist militants in an ambush in Oued Zehour in the Skikda region. 1977-01-12, returning a population of 17,273,000, according to this source. The Wassila Network described situations in which a victim went to police to report a domestic violence incident and family members convince the victim to forgive the aggressor, resulting in no charges to the aggressor. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control over the security forces. The government devoted increasing resources and attention to it. The Labor Ministry employed one labor inspector per 12,000 workers for a total of 853 as of the end of 2017. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. Sexual Harassment: The punishment for sexual harassment is one to two years imprisonment and a fine of DZD 50,000 to DZD 100,000 ($425 to $850); the punishment doubles for a second offense. Algeria is a multiparty republic whose president, the head of state, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The decision to strike must be approved by majority vote of workers at a general meeting. Arabic al-Jazairiya from capital city Algiers, which comes from Arabic al-jaza`ir: the islands, for four Many schools lacked teachers trained to work with children with disabilities, threatening the viability of efforts to mainstream children with disabilities into public schools. departments and one territory. The ministrys Media Directorate is responsible for issuing and renewing accreditations to foreign media outlets operating in the country. The law permits polygamy only upon the agreement of the previous and future wife, and the determination of a judge as to the husbands financial ability to support an additional wife. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the government repatriated 35,113 Nigeriens (including 16,478 women and children) from December to August, pursuant to a bilateral agreement at the request of the Nigerien government. )proven reserves: 59 million metric tons (2019 est. The constitution provides for the protection of a persons honor and private life, including the privacy of home, communication, and correspondence. parts of Oum el Bouaghi and Tbessa; Mila formed from parts of Constantine, Jijel, Oum el Bouaghi, and Stif; Naama According to statistics from womens advocacy groups published in the local press, between 100 and 200 women died each year from domestic violence. According to NADA, while there are fewer cases of reported kidnapping, instances of child abuse and exploitation have increased. Press outlets report taking extra caution before publishing articles critical of the government or government officials for fear of losing revenue from ANEP. )consumption: 66.646 billion kWh (2019 est. Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. 1974-06: Fifteen departments reorganized to form thirty-one. During the year the DGSN conducted nine training sessions on human rights, including for all new cadets. Government officials did not take measures specifically to prevent discrimination against LGBTI persons. The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minors will. The government occasionally offered to mediate disputes. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. Under the law, the government may conduct electronic surveillance to prevent terrorist or subversive acts and infractions against state security, pursuant to written authorization from a competent judicial authority. split from Blida; Tissemsilt formed from parts of Alger and Tiaret. For the year the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women, reported that there were 1,127 logged cases of violence against women. 03 / Select Countries You can add more than one country or area. The May 2017 elections for the lower chamber of parliament did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. Last Updated: March 27, 2018 You are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State. The law additionally prohibits local periodicals from receiving direct or indirect material support from foreign sources. This movement accelerated during World War I, when Algerians filled in for French factory workers or served as soldiers. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings, c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, f. Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence. Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. Authorities also use summonses to notify and require the accused and the victim to attend a court proceeding or hearing. Do not travel to: Areas near the eastern and southern borders due to terrorism and kidnapping. Constantine, and Oran, after their capitals. (An igamie is the )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. At the same time, legal foreign workers principally from China and Egypt came to work in Algeria's construction and oil sectors. The new law also eliminated gender quotas in Parliament, and the June 2021 legislative elections saw female representation plummet. A person released from custody following a dismissal or acquittal may apply to a civil commission to seek compensation from the government for particular and particularly severe harm caused by pretrial detention. 1983-12-15: Thirty-one departments re-organized to form 48 provinces (as shown in the first table). At the beginning of the 20th century, Algeria was a French colony. According to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African countries. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 12,378,740 tons (2016 est. The General Directorate of National Security (DGSN) stated that it received 131 complaints of violence or threats by officers and conducted 163 investigations into those threats. The government did not grant UNHCR access to these reception centers but reported that by 2016 most Syrians no longer used the centers. )-5.1% (2020 est. )from petroleum and other liquids: 57.867 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. )$24.902 billion (2020 est. 1848-12-09: By French presidential decree, the civil territory in each province was elevated to a department of On August 12, about 30 members of the Mouwatana movement held a sit-in in Algiers to denounce the fifth term of President Bouteflika. )-$18.187 billion (2020 est. transferred from Sada to Oran. )imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. The Ministry of Religious Affairs required that couples present a government-issued marriage certificate before permitting imams to conduct religious marriage ceremonies. The law requires that workers obtain government approval to form a union, and the Ministry of Labor must approve or disapprove a union application within 30 days. The government provided disability benefits to persons with disabilities who registered. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s, and FISs armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. The province and its total petroleum system coincide with the Illizi Basin. )6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $19.2 billion)5.5% of GDP (2018) (approximately $17.9 billion)5.9% of GDP (2017) (approximately $18.8 billion), approximately 140,000 ANP personnel (120,000 Army; 6,000 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 130,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 200,000 General Directorate of National Security (2022), the ANP's inventory includes mostly Russian-sourced equipment; since 2010, Algeria has received arms from a variety of countries, with Russia as the leading supplier (2022), 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service for men and women; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service for men (all Algerian men must register at age 17); conscript service obligation reduced from 18 to 12 months in 2014 (2022)note: as of 2020, conscripts comprised an estimated 70% of the military, the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in 1999 and remained a center of power during his 20-year rule; the military was instrumental in BOUTEFLIKAs resignation in 2019 when it withdrew support and called for him to be removed from office the ANP traditionally has focused on internal stability and on Morocco where relations as of 2022 remained tense over Western Sahara and Algerian accusations that Morocco supports the Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), a separatist group in Algerias Kabylie region; however, following the Arab Spring events of 2011 and a series of cross-border terrorist attacks emanating from Mali in 2012-2013, particularly the 2013 attack on a commercial gas plant by al-Qaida-linked terrorists that resulted in the deaths of 35 hostages and 29 jihadists, it has made a concerted effort to beef up security along its other borders and promote regional security cooperation; since 2013, additional Army and paramilitary forces were deployed to the borders with Tunisia, Libya, Niger, and Mali to interdict and deter cross-border attacks by Islamic militant groups; in addition, Algeria has provided security assistance to some neighboring countries, particularly Tunisia, and conducted joint military/counter-terrorism operations (2022), al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T, Algeria-Morocco: the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco remain a dormant disputeAlgeria-Libya: dormant dispute includes Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern AlgeriaAlgeria-Mali: none identifiedAlgeria-Mauritania: none identifiedAlgeria-Niger: none identifiedAlgeria-Tunisia: none identified, refugees (country of origin): more than 100,000 (Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf); 7,345 (Syria) (mid-year 2022). 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