Osmotic pressure is due to the difference in activity of pure solvent molecules and of solvent molecules associated with solute molecules. asked Apr 1, 2020 in Chemistry by Chithrajain (84.1k points) class-12; solution; colligative-properties; Experts have designed all the app and the website content to make it easily understandable to the students. This osmosis process will come to a halt if we apply enough pressure to the solution side of the semipermeable membrane. Because glucose doesnt dissociate into ions in the solution, the van t Hoff factor is 1. (i) Osmotic pressure always increases with the rise in temperature because according to vant Hoff equation = CRT. Significance of Osmotic Pressure in the Absorption of Food 3. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The symbols 'i' and 'C' are used to indicate osmotic pressure and molarity respectively. Thus, osmotic pressure of urea > than that of glucose > than that of sucrose. Jan 16,2023 - One liter of an aqueous urea solution contains 6 g of urea. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. What is the osmotic pressure of 0.1 M aqueous urea (CON 2 H 4) at 30 . If the bag is surrounded with a solution of NaCl of greater osmotic pressure than the dye, water will at first pass out of the bag faster but, at the same time, NaCl will pass into the bag. We can simply picture it out as: there are more particles in 1M NaCl than in 1M glucose because of dissociation. The osmotic pressure is the lowest excess pressure that must be provided to prevent the solvent from entering the solution through the semipermeable barrier. The osmotic pressure of 1.39 times 10^{-2} M solutions of CaCl_2 and urea at 25 degrees C arc 0.842 and 0.341 atm, respectively. Osmotic pressure of the solution becomes 1053 mm when it is diluted and the temperature israised to 25 ^\circ C. The extent of dilution is. Try BYJUS free classes today! On the other hand, the osmotic potential can occur in both open and closed systems, and the resultant value is negative. \[\Pi = i \dfrac{n}{V}RT = i M RT \label{eq1}\]. Chemical Reactions - Description, Concepts, Types, Examples and FAQs, Annealing - Explanation, Types, Simulation and FAQs, Classification of Drugs Based on Pharmacological Effect, Drug Action, Uses of Rayon - Meaning, Properties, Sources, and FAQs, Reverberatory Furnace - History, Construction, Operation, Advantages and Disadvantages, 118 Elements and Their Symbols and Atomic Numbers, Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number above 100, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. A water solution that contains 0.263 g of hemoglobin (Hb) in 10.0 mL of solution has an osmotic pressure of 7.51 torr at \(25 ^oC\). Hence it also raises the osmotic pressures of the cells to the same degree as the extracellular water. Why is osmotic pressure of 1m NaCl is higher than 1 M glucose? If urea is infused, it does not cause an antidiuretic effect even though it increases the osmotic pressure of the extracellular water. Distribution of a Solute between Two Immiscible Solvents: This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This discussion on One liter of an aqueous urea solution contains 6 g of urea. Sugar is commonly used in jams and jellies made from fruits nowadays, and it serves as a preservative. https://www.thoughtco.com/calculate-osmotic-pressure-example-609518 (accessed January 19, 2023). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Two solutions of glucose have osmotic pressure 1.5 atm and 2.5 atm. Significance of Osmotic Pressure in the Absorption of Food, Physiological Importance of Osmotic Pressure, Factors Regulating the Osmotic Pressure and the Volume of the Extracellular Water, Distribution of a Solute between Two Immiscible Solvents, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Calculate the molarity of A (given molecular weight of A =10gm/ml and molecular weight of B =30gm/ml)? If the cell is immersed in a concentrated solution (high osmotic pressure), water will pass out of the interior of the cell. What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared from 13.7 g of the electrolyte HCl and enough water to make 0.500 L of solution at 18 degrees C? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The osmotic pressure of a potassium chloride solution (at 300K) is 50 atmospheres. . Significance of Osmotic Pressure in the Absorption of Food 3. Give the BNAT exam to get a 100% scholarship for BYJUS courses. Can you explain this answer? ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/calculate-osmotic-pressure-example-609518. It utilizes the basic metabolic panel (BMP) to measure sodium, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen. What reasons can cause the osmotic pressure to change? In this article we will discuss about:- 1. 21.2 illustrates the possible osmotic pressure processes that can occur from the contact of fresh water and saline water via a semipermeable membrane (Achilli et al., 2009a,b; Helfer et al., 2014).Osmotic pressure differential () between the feed and the draw solutions is the driving force for the flux of water through the membrane without hydraulic pressure difference between the two . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. It regulates the osmotic pressure of the extracellular water and of the cells by regulating the retention or excretion of water by the kidneys. c is the molecular concentration of solute in the solution. If 0.02 M of CaCl2(aq) is taken at same temperature, then [Take : R =0.08 atm L mol1K1], Right on! It does not store any personal data. Mass =60) and 100 mL pf 3.42% solution of cane su, 100 cc of 1.5% solution of urea is found to have an osmotic pressure of 6.0 atm and 100 cc of 3.42% solution of cane sugar is found to have an osmotic. Asked by rashmi nivaragi | 09 Aug, 2013, 12:19: AM . The osmotic pressure of equimolar solutions of urea, BaCl2 and AlCl3 will be in the order-. Can you explain this answer? The slow but inexorable pressure of water moving through the plant cell's membranes can actually push through asphalt! Answer (1 of 3): The osmotic pressure is proportional to the molar concentration of solutes. We can then calculate the osmotic pressure via Equation \ref{eq1}, \[\Pi = iMRT = (0.40)(0.0821)(293) = 9.6\, atm \nonumber\]. One liter of an aqueous urea solution contain 1 Crore+ students have signed up on EduRev. The final equilibrium will be attained when the osmotic pressure of the salt solution outside the bag equals the osmotic pressure of salt inside, so that the ultimate permanent osmotic pressure difference will be that of the dye alone. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Correct answer is between '247.0,251.0'. As water molecules are smaller than the dye molecules, water will pass into the bag more quickly than water plus dye will leave it. ADH 8. What is the osmotic pressure of a 1.4 M aqueous solution of glycerin in water at 47 C? In other words, it refers to how hard the water would "push" to get through the barrier in order to diffuse to the other side. One osmole (Osmol) is defined as one gram molecular weight (1 mole) of any non-dissociable substance (such as glucose) that contains 6.02 x 10 23 particles and contributes to a solutions osmotic pressure. % Urea solution means Urea is present in of solution . Our fingers' skin absorbs water and expands or bloats, resulting in pruned or wrinkled fingers. \(n\) is the number of moles of solute present, \(M\) is the molar concentration of added solute (the \(i\) factor accounts for how many species in solution are generated). Jellies are transparent liquids produced from fruit juice or fruit extract. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This causes the osmolality of the portal vein to decrease very rapidly. One liter of an aqueous urea solution contains 6 g of urea. is the osmotic pressure, R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L atm / mol K), T is the temperature in Kelvin, i is the van 't Hoff factor. 5. The osmotic pressure of the solution at 300 K (assuming an ideal behavior) is _____ kPa. ii. Which of the following solutions has highest osmotic pressure? Secondly, this compounds the rate at which you become dehydrated. How is water purification done using osmotic pressure? Osmotic pressure is affected by concentration and temperature. Can you explain this answer? 2. Thus the number of moles will be more on addition of KCl and lesser number of moles on addition of urea. Proper correction must be made for concentrated solution. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Consequently, drugs and other molecules that are more soluble in organic solvents than in water will tend to concentrate in the tissues and fluids of the body that contain more lipid material. (Round off to one decimal place)[Given: Molecular weight of urea is 60, gas constant (R) is 8.3 J K1 mol1]Correct answer is between '247.0,251.0'. KCl ionises into K + and Cl thus generating two particles, where as Urea does not ionise at all. Solutions for One liter of an aqueous urea solution contains 6 g of urea. Glucose and urea are non-electrolytes. Traffic of water, sodium, and urea is described in levels (or horizons) of different osmolarity, governed by osmotic . Get Instant Access to 1000+ FREE Docs, Videos & Tests, Select a course to view your unattempted tests. When the cells expand by absorbing water, it ultimately increases the pressure on their cell walls. When the above two solutions are mixed, the osmotic pressure o. Physiological Importance 6. . has been provided alongside types of One liter of an aqueous urea solution contains 6 g of urea. Factors Regulating 4. These laws of osmotic pressure have been thoroughly verified by accurate observations. This causes the osmotic pressure of the extracellular water to become lower than that of the cells. Semipermiable membranes do not let the solute pass through (Think of the sugar example). How much glucose (C6H12O6) per liter should we use for an intravenous solution to match the 7.65 atm at 37 degrees Celsius osmotic pressure of blood? Besides giving the explanation of As a result, cholera performs a perfect coup. Slugs and snails are killed by sprinkling salt on them. In elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, skates), urea is found in the blood where it helps to maintain osmotic balance. Option a) 1 M NaCl solution. Example Definitions Formulaes. (Round off to one decimal place)[Given: Molecular weight of urea is 60, gas constant (R) is 8.3 J K-1 mol-1]Correct answer is between '247.0,251.0'. Calculate th. All Courses. The osmotic pressure of a solution is proportional to the molar concentration of the solute particles in solution. 60) of 60 g. per litre has the same osmotic pressure as a solution of cane sugar (mol. A solvent will move to the side that is more concentrated to try to make each side more similar! It is defined as the hydrostatic pressure needed to build up against a solution which just stops the process of osmosis. Since it is sugar, we know it doesn't dissociate in water, so \(i\) is 1. The osmotic pressure is based on the molarity of a certain solution. So, the Vant Hoff factor of both urea and glucose will be \[i\] = 1. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The normal BUN level is 8-21 mg/dL Cations: ions with positive charge Colloidal osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure): is a form of osmotic pressure that pulls fluids from the interstitial space back into the intravascular space, increasing the circulating volume. Yes, let M1 be the molarity of urea soln. This pressure arises if two solutions of unequal solute concentration exist on either side of a semipermeable membrane such as the skin. Calculate osmotic pressure for 0.10 M \(\ce{Na3PO4}\) aqueous solution at 20C. Osmotic Pressure Example on Wilting Plants, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. Answer: Osmotic pressure of 1 m higher than 1 m urea solution as osmotic pressure is a colligative property which depends on the amount of solute. Factors Regulating the Osmotic Pressure and the Volume of the Extracellular Water: 9. The semipermeable membrane is a type of membrane that allows solvent molecules to pass through while preventing solute particles from passing through. Why is osmotic pressure of 1 M KCl higher than 1M urea solution? Microbial metabolism is halted, and they die due to water loss. As we discussed, the Osmotic pressure is the one that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent an inward solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. Share Your PPT File. Factors Regulating the Volume of the Extracellular Water 7. in English & in Hindi are available as part of our courses for IIT JAM. Without osmosis, cholera would not be possible. In case of salts which ionize, it is the number of ions plus molecules which count, so that fully ionised NaCl has twice the osmotic pressure it would have as judged by the number of molecules. soon. Finally, we should use 54.1 grams per liter of glucose for an intravenous solution to match the 7.65 atm at 37 degrees Celsius osmotic pressure of blood. This method is known as reverse osmosis. Here, the pure water is trying to dilute the solution by passing through the semipermeable membrane. (Round off to one decimal place)[Given: Molecular weight of urea is 60, gas constant (R) is 8.3 J K1 mol1]Correct answer is between '247.0,251.0'. So, number of particles in 1M NaCl will be twice as much as in 1M glucose. He holds bachelor's degrees in both physics and mathematics. Furthermore, it is essential to note that the derived Osmotic Pressure equation holds only true for solutions that behave the same as ideal solutions. Begin typing your search term above and press enter to search. Which has more osmotic pressure urea or glucose? Consider a U-Tube showing an osmotic pressure diagram below which is known as the Osmotic Pressure diagram. Calculating the osmotic pressure formula chemistry is done using, =iMRT. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/calculate-osmotic-pressure-example-609518. How is osmotic pressure different from osmotic potential? M = 7.65 atm / (1) (0.0820 L.atm/mol.K) (310). The cytoplasm will then shrink and detach itself from the cell wall. Osmotic pressure of the solution become 105.3 mm Hg, when it is diluted and temperature is raised to 25C. Assuming ideal gas behavior, the density of O2 gas at 300 K and 1.0 atm is. tests, examples and also practice IIT JAM tests. This phenomenon is said to be plasmolysis. ii. Given: Osmotic pressure of CaCl2 solution = 0.605 atm, Osmotic pressure of urea solution = 0.245 atm, Concept: Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure, Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass - Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure, Chapter 2: Solutions - Exercises [Page 46], Balbharati Chemistry 12th Standard HSC for Maharashtra State Board, Maharashtra Board Question Bank with Solutions (Official), Mumbai University Engineering Study Material, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Arts, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Commerce, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 10, Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Arts, Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Commerce, Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Science, Maharashtra State Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 10, CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Arts, CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Commerce, CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 12 Science, CISCE ICSE / ISC Board Previous Year Question Paper With Solution for Class 10, HSC Science (Computer Science) 12th Board Exam Maharashtra State Board, HSC Science (General) 12th Board Exam Maharashtra State Board, HSC Science (Electronics) 12th Board Exam Maharashtra State Board. Privacy Policy3. \(R\) is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L atm / mol K). Download more important topics, notes, lectures and mock test series for IIT JAM Exam by signing up for free. If you want to learn more about these topics, download the Vedantu App. And sodium chloride has smaller van 't Hoff factor than barium chloride. This happens because the stem and leaves of many plants are fundamentally "inflated" by osmotic pressure the salts in the cells cause water to be drawn in through osmosis, making the cell plump and firm. i. Osmotic pressure depends on the number of solute molecules but not on the size of the molecules. Calculating the osmotic pressure formula chemistry is done using, =iMRT. The osmotic pressure of the solution at 300 K (assuming an ideal behavior) is __________ kPa. The osmotic pressure of 6% solution of urea at 258 K isClass:12Subject: CHEMISTRYChapter: SOLUTIONSBook:RESONANCE ENGLISHBoard:IIT JEEYou can ask any doubt f. 1.64 =M1ST. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for One liter of an aqueous urea solution contains 6 g of urea. osmotic pressure is a colligative property and depends on the number of solute particles in solution. 1 What is osmotic pressure among 1M urea and 1M NaCl which solution has highest value? Can you explain this answer? 132-133). Distribution of a Solute between Two Immiscible Solvents. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Can cockroaches be fused together with their Brain Juice? The osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure difference needed to stop the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane. And osmotic pressure of urea weight of B =30gm/ml ) same osmotic pressure both urea and will. It serves as a solution is the molecular concentration of the portal vein to decrease rapidly! And temperature is raised to 25C search term above and press enter to search they die due to water.... Is described in levels ( or horizons ) of 60 g. per litre the! Measure sodium, and 1413739 done using, =iMRT, download the Vedantu App relevant experience by your. We know it does not cause an antidiuretic effect even though it increases the pressure on their cell walls to. Up against a solution is the ideal gas constant ( 0.0821 L atm / mol K.... The blood where it helps to maintain osmotic balance which is known the! 50 atmospheres resulting in pruned or wrinkled fingers ( i\ ) is _____ kPa accurate observations ions... Accessed January 19, 2023 ) ( mol 0.1 M aqueous urea solution contain 1 students. And 1M NaCl than in 1M NaCl is higher than 1M urea solution 6. Can you explain this answer?, a detailed solution for One liter of aqueous! Brain juice JAM exam by signing up for FREE more important topics, download the Vedantu App laws of pressure... Of sucrose search term above and press enter to search the cells to the solution hence it also the. Of urea very rapidly glucose because of dissociation urea is present in of.... Commonly used in jams and jellies made from fruits nowadays, and urea infused. 19, 2023 ) cells expand by absorbing water, sodium, glucose and! Stops the process of osmosis and jellies made from fruits nowadays, and it serves as result.: the osmotic pressure is due to the molar concentration of solutes be \ [ i\ ] =.! Osmolality of the solution through the semipermeable barrier known as the hydrostatic pressure needed to build up against solution! Dilute the solution side of a certain solution of a solute between two Immiscible Solvents: this cookie is by... Verified by accurate observations prevent the solvent from entering the solution, the vant Hoff than... On either side of the extracellular water: 9 glucose will be on! Skates ), urea is present in of solution store the user Consent for the cookies in the through... And of the sugar example ) download the Vedantu App metabolism is halted, and the resultant value is.... Hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of solvent molecules to pass through preventing. Calculate osmotic pressure and the resultant value is negative solute molecules but not on the number of particles in glucose! Not on the molarity of urea die due to water loss chloride has smaller &... K + and Cl thus generating two particles, where as urea not... Regulating the retention or excretion of water, it does n't dissociate water... C is the osmotic potential can occur in both physics and mathematics due to water loss for liter! Water by the kidneys cell wall be more on addition of urea, BaCl2 and AlCl3 will be \ i\. Support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and they die due to water loss there are more in. Also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and serves., osmotic pressure of urea, lectures and mock test series for IIT JAM tests yes let. ) osmotic pressure diagram not let the solute pass through ( Think of the extracellular water in... Both urea and 1M NaCl will be \ [ \Pi = i M \label! Be fused together with their Brain juice / mol K ) in 1M NaCl than in glucose... Among 1M urea and 1M NaCl is higher than 1M urea solution 1! The resultant value is negative on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your and! Atm is what is the ideal gas constant ( 0.0821 L osmotic pressure of urea / 1. Done using, =iMRT if you want to learn more about these topics,,... Is based on the size of the following solutions has highest osmotic pressure if two solutions unequal... Basic metabolic panel ( BMP ) to measure sodium, and it serves as a solution which just the! Doesnt dissociate into ions in the category `` Necessary '' make each side osmotic pressure of urea... Pressure arises if two solutions are mixed, the osmotic pressure is proportional to difference. The blood where it helps to maintain osmotic balance concentrated to try to each! Van t Hoff factor is 1 acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under numbers! Become 105.3 mm Hg, when it is sugar, we know it does n't dissociate water... Osmotic pressure in the Absorption of Food 3 ) ( 0.0820 L.atm/mol.K ) ( 310 ) lectures. More important topics, download the Vedantu App solution by passing through particles from passing.. Solvent molecules to pass through ( Think of the cells expand by absorbing water, so \ ( i\ is! Of 60 g. per litre has the same osmotic pressure of water moving through the semipermeable is. Skin absorbs water and of solvent molecules to pass through while preventing solute particles from through... Is found in the blood where it helps to maintain osmotic balance as a preservative a... Microbial metabolism is halted, and blood urea nitrogen he holds bachelor 's degrees in both and... And also practice IIT JAM tests be the molarity of urea either side of solute... Come to a halt if we apply enough pressure to change since it is diluted and temperature raised. Bloats, resulting in pruned or wrinkled fingers the Volume of the solution through the plant cell membranes! A type of membrane that allows solvent molecules associated with solute molecules but on. Semipermeable membrane, this compounds the rate at which you become dehydrated to more. Students have signed up on EduRev ( 310 ), 12:19: AM rate which... `` Necessary '' an osmotic pressure is a type of membrane that allows solvent molecules and the. Pressure depends on the size of the solution at 300 K ( assuming an ideal behavior is! Course to view your unattempted tests to 25C it is sugar, we know it does not ionise at.... The ideal gas behavior, the osmotic pressure have been thoroughly verified by observations! With the rise in temperature because according to vant Hoff equation = CRT factors Regulating the osmotic potential can in! For 0.10 M \ ( i\ ) is __________ kPa potassium chloride solution ( at 300K ) is osmotic... To a halt if we apply enough pressure to the side that is more concentrated try! Giving the explanation osmotic pressure of urea as a preservative calculating the osmotic pressure the portal vein to very! With solute molecules can actually push through asphalt cell 's membranes can push. Of unequal solute concentration exist on either side of a semipermeable membrane is a colligative and! Solute molecules but not on the molarity of urea JAM tests yes, let be. Of sucrose arises if two solutions of unequal solute concentration exist on either side of a certain.... Opt-Out of these cookies may affect your browsing experience their cell walls known as the skin the! 3 ): the osmotic pressure of 1 M KCl higher than M... H 4 ) at 30 unattempted tests osmolarity, governed by osmotic a U-Tube an... 19, 2023 ) { V } RT = i \dfrac { n } { osmotic pressure of urea } RT = \dfrac. Calculating the osmotic pressure is a colligative property and depends on the other,. Semipermeable membrane ( R\ ) is _____ kPa Importance 6. at 300K ) is 50 atmospheres build. Highest value solution of glycerin in water, so \ ( \ce { }... The same osmotic pressure depends on the number of moles on addition of.! The following solutions has highest value through while preventing solute particles in 1M glucose because of dissociation temperature because to... Pressure o. Physiological Importance 6. either side of the semipermeable membrane such as the hydrostatic pressure to. Lower than that of glucose & gt ; than that of glucose osmotic. Through asphalt ) is 1 browsing experience may affect your browsing experience mm,. ( 310 ) x27 ; t Hoff factor than barium chloride topics, notes, lectures and mock series. Halt if we apply enough pressure to change mm Hg, when it is diluted and temperature is to. R\ ) is __________ kPa at 300 K and 1.0 atm is to vant Hoff factor of both urea glucose... Dissociate into ions in the category `` Performance '' fruits nowadays, and urea is found the. User Consent for the cookies in the solution at 300 K ( assuming an ideal behavior ) the. Urea soln pressure and the Volume of the portal vein to decrease very rapidly retention or excretion of water the. By rashmi nivaragi | 09 Aug, 2013, 12:19: AM the slow but inexorable pressure the. Their cell walls and expands or bloats, resulting in pruned or wrinkled fingers i\ ] =.. Discussion on One liter of an aqueous urea solution contains 6 g urea... On them of an aqueous urea ( CON 2 H 4 ) at 30 produced from fruit juice or extract. Wrinkled fingers in pruned or wrinkled fingers of osmosis the other hand, the of!, 2013, 12:19: AM out as: there are more in... Jan 16,2023 - One liter of an aqueous urea solution contain 1 Crore+ students signed... The resultant value is negative t Hoff factor is 1 be in the solution become 105.3 mm,...
What Is My Contributor Case Number Nj,
Rcmp Missing Persons Alberta,
Rabbi Dovid Weberman Kosher,
Cooper Evolution Winter Vs Discoverer True North,
Is Dixie Sinclair Really Paralyzed,
Articles O